Mongols and Europe :: essays research papers

Change Over Time Essay: Mongols and Europe Throughout the years there have been numerous extraordinary traveling gatherings, for example, the Vikings and the Kievan, however no migrant gathering has been more fruitful than the Mongols. The Mongols have had many enduring impacts on Russia, China, and even Europe. The Mongols have left a blemish on the European exchanging frameworks advances just as in their exchanging frameworks exchange courses. One thing that remained the equivalent all through Europe was their numerous religion. In spite of the fact that the Mongols set their essential exchanging framework along the Silk Road, the Mongols additionally set out exchange Europe. The Mongols had a visa like framework utilized chiefly in China, on account of the long removed exchange through locales numerous dialects were experienced, in this manner the paisa or identification comes in play. The paisa is said to have an engraving which is supposed to be the authorization from the ruler to go through the locale. The paisa or visa was brought by the Mongols to Europe, and afterward received by the European. Numerous itinerant clans were uneducated and ignorant, much like the Mongols, on the grounds that the Mongols were so uneducated this made it harder for them to explore along the oversea exchange courses of Europe. The Mongols were a traveling bunch known for their aptitudes of pony riding and their capacity and ability to shoot a crossbow over stunning separations. Since the Mongols were so extraordinary by horse back, the exchange Europe went from to most of individuals exchanging via land. But since of the none quit going of traveling gatherings, this lead to no set or given religion for the Mongols, this helped the various religions of Europe remain consistent.

Dover Beach/fahrenheit Comparison Essay Example For Students

Dover Beach/fahrenheit Comparison Essay Dover Beach Dover Beach, by Matthew Arnold, is a sonnet managing love in which a man addresses a lady. It starts on the sea shore when the ocean is quiet, the tide is full, and the moon lies reasonable upon the waterways. Nothing changes, except if you need change. Quite a while in the past there was confidence, yet today everything is exhausting and the equivalent. He needs change, however thinks that its difficult to do as such. Dover Beach and Fahrenheit 451 are connected In that both arrangement with a reality where there Is no harmony or Joy among the individuals. In Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montage lived In a world pay to Dover Beach. Everyone acts the equivalent and the individuals who were extraordinary or not some portion of the mass culture were dealt with unreasonably. Ordinary he was turning out to be increasingly more disappointed with his life. He didnt Like the reality the he and his better half, Mildred, didn't have any sort of relationship and seldom talked. Every day when he got back home, his better half was either sitting in front of the TV or tuning in to the radio dismissing everything else. Mildred was just worried about her TV and could mind less what happened to Guy. Later a young lady named Claries makes him fully aware of an incredible vacancy. In the wake of meeting her he chooses he needs to change, and starts by understanding books. She was clearly hanging tight for him to go. (20). Mildred didn't feel great at whatever point Montage was around excessively long. All she contemplated was the point at which she could stare at the TV on her parlor dividers. In the first place, why dont you let me know whether shell be OK? Of course, shell be alright. Neither of you is a M. D. Why didnt they send a M. D from Emergency? For hell's sake! (15). No one in this world truly thought about any other person. There was no affection between the professionals and Montage. They Just needed to complete their activity and leave. Gracious, they dont miss me, she said. Im reserved, they state. I dont blend. Its so unusual. Im social, without a doubt. (29). Claries was not loved at all among her companions. They thought of her as reserved since she talked so a lot and was social. In this world you must be tranquil and not associate with anybody to be typical and fit in with others. Gracious they travel every which way, go back and forth, said Mrs.. Phelps. Im not stressed. Badly let Pete do all the stressing. She chuckled. Not well let old Pete do all the stressing. Not me. Im not stressed. (94). Mrs.. Phelps shows that she Is not stressed over what occurs In the war to Pete. Pete Just goes back and forth as she depicts It. Shell let Pete do all the stressing and she wont even consider It. She Is Like every other person In the realm of Fahrenheit 451, conceited, and cool as a cucumber what's going on somewhere else. Cleared with befuddled cautions of battle and flight, where Ignorant armless conflict around evening time. (Last line). In both Dover Beach and Fahrenheit 451, there Is a war going on. No one wants to think about it or has any adoration for any other individual. Mildred didn't feel great around her own significant other. Mrs.. Phelps wasnt even worried for her better half who was at war. The two universes are connected in which the two of them dont have tranquility or love

A California versus New York Comparison COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A California versus New York Comparison COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Things Southern California SIPA students notice right away… 1. The weather difference!   Anyone who grew up in Southern California will notice when the temperature drops below 55 degreesIn California, we call it the “arctic chill” Arctic Chill: This year the east coast experienced the POLAR VORTEX. Polar Vortex in NYC: 2. the importance of a coat! 3. And Boots… 4. In N Out v. Shake Shack     Anyone who grew up in California will notice the food choices aren’t exactly the samechanging In-N-Out for a New York favorite the “Shake Shack”. 5. palm trees v. skyscrapers   Where’s the sun? Although New York is a great city, you’ll still have Californians asking for the sunand warmer weather! 6. MTA v. Owning a Car   New Yorkers give subway directions like Californians give highway directions: Take the B to the A to the 1. 7. Jaywalking? NYC, LA   And you’ll still find some Californians in NYC waiting for the street lights to turn green because jaywalking is not permitted in California. 8. Both Los Angeles and New York have elected SIPA Alumni as their Mayors   Anyway you decide to spin it If you find yourself in New York, enjoy your time here!   It is the city of many opportunities and promise. Good luck with Admission Decisions! a humorous post submitted by Eder Gaona-Macedo, MPA 2014

Who Were the Roman Consuls and How Did They Rule Rome

An Analysis of Cantús Canícula Snapshots of a Girlhood...

Norma Elia Cantu’s novel â€Å"Canà ­cula: Imà ¡genes de una Nià ±ez Fronteriza† (â€Å"Canà ­cula: Snapshots of a Girlhood en la Frontera†), which chronicles of the forthcoming of age of a chicana on the U.S.- Mexico border in the town of Laredo and Nuevo Laredo in the 1940s-60s. Norma Elia Cantà º brings together narrative and the images from the family album to tell the story of her family. It blends authentic snapshots with recreated memoirs from 1880 to 1950 in the town between Monterrey, Mexico, and San Antonio, Texas. Narratives present ethnographic information concerning the nationally distributed mass media in the border region. Also they study controversial discourse that challenges the manner in which the border and its populations have been†¦show more content†¦Moreover, writing about memory which is the groundwork of the traditional autobiographical genre is a problematic endeavor, since it is a project of conflating memory, imaginatio n, and sometimes a conscious misrepresentation of the past. Likewise, it is a way to inscribe the discursive selves that they envision as â€Å"true† representations of their selfhoods. Turning to Canà ­cula, she writes: â€Å"The story is told through the photographs, and so what may appear to be autobiographical is not always so. On the other hand, many of the events are completely fictional, although they may be true in a historical context. For some of these events, there are photographs; for others, the image is a collage; and in all cases, the result is entirely of my doing. So although it may appear that these stories are my family’s, they are not precisely, and yet they are. (xi)† The photographs that are actually in the book seems to be genuine family snapshots, black and white images reproduced with creases, wrinkles, handwritten dates, scalloped edges, and mounting corners as if taken directly from the Cantà º family album. Although the photograph is as a matter of fact black and white, the reader is not only told to

Tred Paper Free Essays

The story of the prodigal son started with the younger son that asked his father to give him his portion of the family’s inheritance then the son got what he wanted and went off on a long journey to a distant land and began wasting his fortune. When the son ran out of money, he took a job feeding pigs. He was so poor that he was willing to eat the food for the pigs. We will write a custom essay sample on Tred Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now One day, the son realized all his faults and he finally came into his senses. He remembered his father and decided to return home to ask for forgiveness and mercy. His father welcomed his son with open arms. Due to the father’s happiness, he ordered his servants to prepare a celebration. Meanwhile, the older son was not happy when he came home, working the fields, only to find out that there was a party for the return of his younger brother. The father tried to prevent the older brother for being jealous and the father said â€Å"You are always with me, and everything I have is yours. So, from what I think, the younger son was selfish and immature for asking his part of the family’s inheritance even if that the father was not dead. Second, when the younger son took the job of feeding the pigs and even eating the pig’s food, it shows that he had sunk as low as he could possibly go. The son represents a person living in rebellion to God. I think that before we come into our sense, we should first experience failures. Third, the father is the image of the Heavenly Father. God is a symbol of love and is patient. He helps us when we return to him with humble hearts. He is not interested from what we have done in the past but forgives us. Lastly, the older son represents an image of the Pharisees. By being self-righteousness, they forgot to be a happy when a sinner returns to God. I think that the bitterness and resentment are what kept the older son to forgive his younger brother. How to cite Tred Paper, Papers

Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Essay Example

Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Paper December 11, 2012 Section 1: Who is the one to delineate fault for a miscommunication and misunderstanding between two cultures? In Anne Fadiman’s novel, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, she begins the novel as an attempt to allocate responsibility for the mistreatment and exacerbation of Lia Lee’s epilepsy. The tension between the Hmong and United States medical culture exemplified the strain in America between a foreign culture dependent on rituals and society’s norm. As the novel progress, Fadiman realizes that neither culture is truly at fault. Lia’s situation stemmed from a clash of cultural beliefs and practices that could have been solved by a respect and empathy of the significance of cross-cultural communication. Throughout the narrative, there were characters that were able to be culturally empathetic while some were unable to appreciate the cultural differences between the two entities and realize the necessity for cooperation and understanding. The Hmong have a saying that they repeat at the beginning of every story, â€Å"Hais cuaj txub kaum txub,† which means, â€Å"speak of all kinds of things† (Fadiman 13). These words depict the belief in the Hmong culture that the world is full of things that might not appear related but actually are. This concept relates to the Hmong’s history. Their development as a culture is tainted with inconsiderate counter cultures that restricted their freedom to practice their cultural rituals. This greatly influenced their ability to trust cultures that are not their own. Their general distrust in any culture different from their own can be mainly traced back to the Chinese and Indochinese portion of their saga. We will write a custom essay sample on Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Basically, the Hmong have been chased out of any home they have ever had due to their unwillingness to take orders, their affliction to losing and the imperative detail that they would rather flee, fight, or die than surrender. This all boils down to the fact that they are not easily swayed by other culture’s customs. This ethnocentric attitude has greatly attributed to the Hmong culture’s general distrust and distaste for any culture but their own. Lia’s parents, Nao Kao and Foua Lee, and much of the Hmong community were skeptical of trusting the â€Å"white people† in the medical profession and in the community. In fact, Lia’s case became the litmus test for Hmong community and turned out to be a deciding factor as to whether the Hmong community in Merced, California would trust the medical professionals when they found themselves at MCMC in a similar state as Lia. Despite this inherent distrust of any culture dissimilar to their own, the Lee’s were able to trust one CPA worker, Jeanine Hilt, who took the Lee’s case very personally. Jeanine made it her mission to fight the medical industry tyranny on behalf of the Hmong culture and became the only person to ask the Lees their opinion. Because of the language barrier, many medical professionals saw talking to the Lee’s as a lost cause to communicate with, which led the Lees to believe they were being taken advantage of. Jeanine was the only one who thought to ask how the Lees felt about how the doctors were treating Lia and their culture. Because of this openness to communication and genuine interest in their answers, she explained to the hospital how the Lees, and the Hmong culture, felt about Lia’s epilepsy and why they were running into to so many conflicts with the Hmong culture. Jeanine’s open approach allowed her to see what the barrier was between the Lees ad the medical profession. The Lee’s and the Hmong culture considered Lia an anointed one and her â€Å"illness† as a blessing rather than a weakness. In the Hmong culture, people born with epilepsy are believed to be the anointed ones and are destined to a life as a shaman. They call it â€Å"qaug dab peg,† or â€Å"the spirit catches you and you fall down. † People in the medical profession did not understand the concept of spirits and the importance of epilepsy for the Hmong. Jeanine was the only white person who adamantly fought for the rights of the Hmong. She was able to do this by the ability to effectively and cross culturally communicate. A similar problem occurred when the Lees refused to give their daughter her daily medicine regimen. Lia was taken away from her family and put into foster care. Jeanine fought to get Lia back to her family as her epileptic episodes became more frequent and dangerous. After she succeeded, it was Jeanine’s mission to educate the Lees, especially Foua, on the drug regimen and explain to her the importance of the drugs and to understand Nao Kao and Foua’s aversion to medicine. Hilt was the only person that took the time to listen to Foua and her concerns regarding the unnatural substances. And after Lia’s large grand mal seizure, she was the only one who tackled the problem of how the Hmong family was treating Lia’s developmental delays. Jeanine’s key to success was always keeping the lines of communication open between herself and the Lees and therefore between the Lees and the MCMC. In order to cross culturally communicate, Jeanine focused on a caring approach that was â€Å"culturally empathetic† and used the Lees daughter, May, as her translator. She did this because having another unfamiliar person in the room, especially a translater, would make the Lees uncomfortable and less open to effective communication. Hilt also took the time to get to know the Lees. She knew the names of all their seven surviving children and most importantly never abandoned Lia or her family even in Nao Kao’s darkest moments. As part of the Hmong culture, they are naturally very violent and are not deterred by being outnumbered. Nao Kao threatened a translator that came and told the Child Protective Services were taking Lia away. Jeanine understood the aversion to having someone’s child taken away and made sure the threats Nao Kao made didn’t affect the courts decision to let Lia return. Jeanine’s empathy was deepened by two factors. She understood the burden of a chronic illness because she had asthma. She also admired the connection and closeness of the Hmong families. She was deeply connected to this family and to this child so she harassed the government and the hospital until the Lees got what they deserved. This included a pediatric hospital bed for Lia’s last days at home. This led the Lees to hold Jeanine in high esteem and allowed for a trust that was incredibly hard to earn from the Hmong culture. While Jeanine took the time to understand the Hmong culture, Nao Kao, Lia’s father, did little to reciprocate. He greatly appreciated her attempt at being understanding, however he never believed it was his responsibility to do the same. Even then, Foua was usually the most receptive to Jeanine’s triumphs. Historically Hmongs have become the pariahs of society. With this in mind, Nao Kao never really made the effort to be part of a society that he knew went against his beliefs and therefore was rejecting him. It is also prominent in Hmong culture, that the man is the strongest part of the family and the most emotionally disconnected. While the Hmong were fighting the Chinese, they even killed their wives and children so they wouldn’t be emotionally distracted. Nao Kao hyper masculine attitude led him and his wife to be passively obedient. In the book, Fadiman writes â€Å"It was typical or Hmong patients to appear passively obedient – thus protecting their own dignity by concealing their ignorance and their doctor’s dignity by acting deferential – and then, as soon as they left the hospital, to ignore everything to which they had supposedly assented† (Fadiman 68). This is no way to effectively communicate between two cultures. By Nao Kao affirming that he would give the medicine and not at least trying to explain that it is against his belief and/or he does not understand how to give the medicine, he falsely gives the impression to the doctors that Lia will be cared for at home. Not only does not communicate that he will not give the medicine, but he also doesn’t communicate that he has not given the medicine to Lia when the Lees continue to take her to the hospital seizure after seizure. While the Hmongs believed being epileptic was a sort of blessing, they also understood the repercussions and knew the disease was at least semi-dangerous. That is the reason the Lees continued to take Lia to MCMC over and over again, despite their hatred for the medical culture and the inability to effectively communicate. However Nao Kao Lee was most definitely stuck in his ways. Fadiman explains a observation by Francois Marie Savina as to his first impressions to the Hmong in 1924. Savina, a missionary, stated â€Å"ethnic durability can be attributed to six factors: religion; love of liberty; traditional costumes; refusal to marry outside their race; life in the cold, dry mountainous areas; and the toughening effects of war† (Fadiman 208). The Lee family did little the acculturate themselves into the United States culture and came here to merely escape prosecution. When the Lees came to America, their relatives had to show them how the country worked. They relied greatly on their children. After Seventeen years of living here they still speak only Hmong and practice only Hmong traditions. The Hmong culture is famously stuck in its ways and it was no different for Nao Kao. The mixture between his role in his culture as well as the culture itself lends itself to the inability to communicate between the Lee family and the MCMC medical staff. The first thing that would allow two cultures, such as the Hmong and the United States medical culture, to effectively communicate is knowing what their core values, core distinction, and some key elements to their culture in regards to value dimensions. The Hmong’s value dimensions tend to fall on one extreme, while America falls on the other side of the spectrum. For example, in the Identity value dimension, the Hmong are highly collectivist, which means their core value is group harmony and their core distinction is whether you’re in group/out group. However, the United States population is based on individualist side of the identity spectrum. This means they believe in individual freedom and the core distinction is whether its me/others (Hofstede Pederson Hofstede 94-97). This has a large impact in how two cultures interact with each other because while the United States will believe that the Hmong should do whatever it takes to protect themselves while the Hmong believe they should maintain the peace with the gods or else they will be punished which focus’ on group harmony. The virtue value dimension also has a strong effect on the differences between these cultures. The Hmong are considered extreme long-term orientation, which values the long-term benefits. The US medical culture is more oriented on today’s effects, otherwise known as extreme short-term orientation (Hofstede Pederson Hofstede 109-112). This shows why the Hmong are so superstitious because they are worried about the futures of their children and even their grandchildren. The medical industry is not superstitious and therefore believes in saving the life that needs saving now and not later. They do not discriminate on between now and later. A lot of lessons can be learned from how Jeanine was able to effectively communicate between the Hmong and US medical cultures. First of all, it is important to be open to new ways of communication between cultures and to not only find similarities, but also understand the differences between cultures. The Hmong culture and the Medical culture in the United States seem on opposite ends of the cultural spectrum. In that brief period of Lia’s seizures being decreased and her seemingly getting better, the Lees understood that they had to give Lia her medicine regularly and the hospital understood why the Lees were hesitant about giving their child too many unnatural substances. When the two entities understood each other’s culture and cultural differences, Lia’s health improved and they were able to understand each other beyond the most basic level. This is called being culturally empathetic. Lia’s illness was a test for the two cultures. It was a situation that forced a broken system to recognize its faults and demonstrate how it needs to be fixed. At the end of the day, it doesn’t matter who worsened Lia’s illness because placing blame won’t help either culture understand each other. By the end of the text, as Fadiman is reflecting on the case, she writes â€Å"I do not know if Lia would be able to walk and talk today had she been treated by Arthur Kleinman instead of by Neil Ernst and Peggy Philp. However, I have come to believe that her life was ruined not by septic shock or noncompliant parents but by cross-cultural misunderstanding† (Fadiman 262). The MCMC has learned multiple lessons from Lia’s epilepsy. They learned to be culturally conscious, they removed the organ donor box from the hospital waiver and posted details about Lia’s case so her illness won’t be mistreated ever again. The key to communicating effectively is to realize that a culture is different from yours and value their judgments just as much as you value your own. Jeanine was able to do it, hopefully Nao Kao will one day do it as well as every doctor in the medical profession, and especially the doctors that are in heavily populated minority areas. Bibliography 1. Fadiman, Anne. The spirit catches you and you fall down: a Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997. 2. Hofstede, Gert Jan, Paul Pedersen, and Geert H. Hofstede. Exploring culture. Yarmouth, Me. : Intercultural Press, 2002 Section II: Throughout my life, I have always been a person who loved traveling. I will always love traveling and someday, I hope to have a job where traveling is a requirement. When I travel, I hoped to come as close to emersion as possible in the time span I’m there. I believe interacting with other cultures can seriously give you a whole new outlook on life and learning perspectives of different cultures and humans always fascinates me which is why, next year, I am planning to take a year off to work at a bed and breakfast in France. People from all over the globe come to bed and breakfasts, which will give e a lot of face time with a lot of different cultures and learn a little bit about everything. My housing and dining will be paid for while I meet people, make lifelong connections and put all the things I learned about in cross cultural communication to work. Cross Cultural Communication opened up my eyes to some pretty basic things that you just never really put names to. The best lesson I learned was on cultural empathy. The idea that you don†™t only tolerate another culture, but you understand it at its most basic level is incredibly important in how you connect with other people. A lot of my best friends are actually international and live in other countries. One of my best friends ever lives in Greece and looking back on our friendship, I realize how I subconsciously underwent the process of cultural empathy by asking her about the different practices she went through and the different ways she understood American culture and society. Unfortunately, I did not do the same with my German ex-boyfriend who lived in Germany which probably could have saved a lot of grief on my end. Another lesson I found interesting in cross-cultural communication was reflexivity. Reflexivity is the ability and willingness of a researcher to acknowledge their bias. When I went to H Street, I realized my bias growing up in small town liberal suburbia. I realize my bias everyday when I meet people who grow up in different countries, parts of the country or even socio economic class. While interviewing Josh Parrish for my interview project, I saw how different our lives were and yet how similar we were. Reflexivity is not only important to acknowledge for reliable research, but for dependable relationships as well. Talking about white privilege really interested me throughout the course. Growing up as white, I kind of always resented the doors that automatically opened for me in some sense of the word. I can’t pinpoint why, but I like the challenge of overcoming adversity. In the School of Public Affairs Leadership Program, we talked about the idea of Privilege and Power and we watched an interesting TED talks that introduced the idea of â€Å"The Power of a Single Story. Acknowledging the different presets in society is important to society and to be able to communicate with each other. If I could change one thing about this class, it would definitely be about the reading. The readings were incredibly numerous and sometimes, I couldn’t finish everything, which led to a serious cycle of me falling incredibly behind. I would’ve loved for a way to cut down the re adings, perhaps only read important excerpts or something because the workload was either really hard or very laid back. The lessons I learned in cross cultural communication feel less immense than other classes, but I already notice how I look around and see how these lessons are applicable in real life. I constantly look back at my history and realize how helpful these skills would have been months and even years ago. Being culturally empathetic is the most important lesson I could have learned and I feel was the overarching theme to the whole course. I found it helpful to learn how to properly acculturate into a foreign culture and while I may not become a foreign diplomat because of this class, I definitely learned some important imformation.

Architure greque essays

Architure greque essays Dart et les sports avaient une grand influence dans la culture grecque. Quelque chose que jaille couvrire sure lart et les sports son: Larchitecture en Grce a une influence sur les btiments et la maison en Grce. Les btiments taient beaucoup plus beaux que les maisons. L'art des Grec et le plus unique dans le monde, ils adorent art. Les jeux et les sports taient une grand partie dans la vie des Grecs. Architecture grecque tais une grand parties dans la vie des gens grecque. Avant le Nouvel Age de Pierre, les gens grecque habitaient dans la caverne, mais vers 6000 BC les habitants en Grce a commenc construire des maisons pour lui-mà ªme. Dans lancienne Grce les pauvres et les riches habitaient dans diffrent sort des maisons. Toutes les maisons ont t faites de boue, bois, de pierre et les briques ils ont besoin frquent ment les rparations. Les maisons des gens pauvres taient trs simples en comparaison des maisons des riches. Les maisons des pauvres avait seulement quelques salle simple, les maisons des riches tais plus grand avec plus un sale et tais concentre dans une cour. Dans le dbut des Ages Bronze, ils a trouv des grandes maisons au milieu du village, avec plus du lux, les grands murs de pierre. Les planchers et les murs dans les maisons, tais cr soigneusement du pierres, carreaux, et des petites roche. Les maisons plus agrables ont utilis des petites roche pour crer des mosaiques (les gens riches. Pour faire ceci, ils est all au bord de la mer et recueilli des petites roche colorie en les tailles similaire et a arrang les dans le sable pour faire une image ou modle sur la terre ou les murs. Dautre btiments en Grce ...

Get Excellent Ideas for Topics of Illustration Essays

Get Excellent Ideas for Topics of Illustration Essays Writing an illustrative paper is not easy. Even more difficult is to find a suitable topic for it. But don’t worry because we’ll simplify all this for you. In this article, you learn what this kind of essay is and how to decide a topic for it. You can choose any of our suggested topics as well. They are perfect because they have been proposed by our experts who have years of experience. What Is an Illustration Essay? The Basics Before discussing the process of selection of good illustration essay topics for your papers, it is advisable to discuss the concept of this kind of paper quickly. As the name shows, it’s a paper that illustrates a topic. It can be a process, a strategy, a plan, or anything that can be described. Such essays have a lot of depth to them because the narrator has to covey intricate details to the readers. To write such a paper, you need to have: Excellent vocabulary and know-how of the technical terms involved. The ability to imagine the finest details of the process so that you can convey them. The skill to describe things and find good examples. How to Come Up with Interesting Illustration Essay Topics If the teacher has already decided the topic for you, clearly you just have to write a paper on it following the guidelines we provide about the actual writing process. But if you are leveraged to pick up a topic of your choice, don’t go for the most difficult college illustration essay topics. You might select them in an attempt to cover a unique area, and later, you might find it hard to access the relevant information. On the other hand, don’t pick the easiest topics as well. Your readers need to sense that reading the paper will add to their knowledge. So look for best illustration essay topics in the middle range between the common and rare ones. Interesting topics are related to engaging themes. They include acting, performing arts, fashion, diet, games, and vacations. You may even come up with interesting topics on the themes of education and relationships as well. Some Excellent Illustration Essay Topics for College Students In this guide, we offer you some topics that are teachers’ favorite. At the same time, they are relatively unique and have a huge potential for being informative if written the right way. Our topics relate to all sorts of areas. You will find topics related to games, education, and exercise, among other fields. We want to provide a lot of options for every writer. Therefore, our suggested topics belong to different areas of knowledge. They include: How coaches train football players? How to learn swimming for the Olympics? Difference between football and basketball. How to bring a balance between school and home activities? My first-day playing cricket. Importance of deploying psychological counselors at schools. Studying habits that make students high achievers. How to live on a budget in Dubai? Life, profession, and experiences of a teacher. How can a newcomer adjust in hostel life? How to make a cake? Easy tips to overcome your fears. Describe a fear you’ve had and how you took control over it. The role of music in exercise and workout. What is it like to be a vegan? How does it feel to be a nonnative in the country you have immigrated to? How to be proactive and avoid procrastination? Take a good look at all these great topics to write an illustration essay on. You might observe that you can demonstrate processes and/or examples in almost every single paper. That’s the beauty of this kind of paper. How to Write This Kind of Paper Finding good topics for an illustration essay is the first challenge you have to deal with. But the difficulties don’t stop there. You should know how to logically construct the paper so that all details are sufficiently covered. Let us elaborate on the process of writing with the help of an example. Suppose you have to be a writer and produce a paper on the topic – how expats live in Dubai. In the introductory section of the paper, you can identify the different categories of expats in Dubai. It’s important to identify those categories because the lifestyle of an expat depends upon a lot of factors, especially his/her origin. Suppose you identify four classes of expats in Dubai Europeans, Africans, Arab, and South Asians. You can divide the body of the paper into four paragraphs – one for each class of expats. In those paragraphs, you can touch upon several topics for illustration essay considering an average day in the life of an expat. They include people’s food, work routine, outdoor activities, shopping, and family time, etc. Finally, you will conclude your paper summing up all information. Do You Need an Expert to Suggest You a Topic? We’re sure if you needed a topic from the themes we have covered, you might have found one that you like. But if you think that the theme you wanted the topic from has not been covered, there’s still nothing to worry about. Let us know which theme or area you want the topics to be from, and our writers will devise interesting and easy illustration essay topics from that field. The process of placing an order at our site is fundamental. You just have to fill out a form, and the guru will start looking for the best topic options for you. We devise topics related to all kinds of fields, and our gurus are subject experts. You can totally count on our writers’ help. So when are you placing the order? Tell us your instructions now.

One page summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

One page summary - Essay Example He created a genuine workers theatre with a complete image of ingenuity and originality. It was the inclusion of the community and labourers rather than professional actors that gave the theatres a boost in terms of acceptance. Through this, the theatre has helped many people develop to what can be called an artistic community brought up by passion and attitude. It is through the theatres that Valdes has been able to inspire generations of people who originally considered themselves forgotten. Valdes regards theatres as important tools not just in bringing people together but also in making them feel visible, allowing them space to present feelings and attitudes towards various issues in a forum that is less violent and more acceptable. He considers theatres as the property of the community. As such, he feels that the community that acts in a theatre is as important as that that watches. These two groups of people meet in the theatre to exchange views and come up with solutions to their

Project management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project management - Coursework Example Fixed costs are not controllable since even if a firm does not generate revenues it must pay its fixed costs. Variable costs are cost that change depending on the volume of sales. An example of a variable cost is cost of goods sold. Variables costs are controllable because project managers can implement strategies to lower variable costs such as changing suppliers to reduce the cost of materials. Two additional categories of costs are direct and indirect costs. Direct costs are costs that are directly attributed to the production output. Some examples of direct costs are materials and direct labor. Indirect costs are costs that are not associated with the production of a firm. Examples of indirect costs include supervisor salaries, indirect labor, and supplies used (Referenceforbusiness). Other cost categories are period and product costs Period costs are costs that are identified with a specific period of time, while product costs are necessary for producing a finished good. The dif ferent types of costs help project managers differentiate among the types of costs that affect a project. Work Cited Page Referenceforbusiness.com. 2011. â€Å"Costs† 17 May 2011.

Impact of Project Management on Mergers and Acquisition

Impact of Project Management on Mergers and Acquisition In todays complex and competitive global business environment, organizations must adapt to changing environmental conditions by continuously initiating changes in order to remain competitive and profitable. These changes occurs when organizations undertake such changes as implementation new technologies, mergers or acquisition, downsizing, restructuring operations, and outsourcing. During these changes if companies implement programmes like six-sigma or business process improvement then according to Hayes(2002), these changes are usually prompted by a need to maintain or improve an organization effectiveness where effectiveness relates to the organizations ability to use recourse efficiently to achieve immediate goals as well as embracing the need to changing conditions to be to remain efficient over the long term (Carnell, 1999). According to France, Harrington and Marguire (1987), improving an organization effectiveness has important consequences for its overall corporate performan ce. Despite the available of a number of models to aid the successful diagnosis and implementation of change effort, Beer and Nohria (2000,p.88) claims that 70% of all changes initiates fail because managers immerse themselves in an alphabet soup of initiatives without fully understanding the nature and process of corporate change. Therefore there is organization growth is very much important to understand how changes occur so that they can better manage the change process to improve their organizational effectiveness. Rationale of Research The benefits of this importance of this research help us to understand the impact of change management. Merger and acquisition are very much frequent nowadays. Everyone passes Merger and acquisition either themselves working in an organization or someone who is working or owning shares in the firm or merged with another organization. When firms merges between two organizations under takes changes. This change can be in positive or may be the other side of suffering. This motives has been studies previously in the financial sectors, however it frequently linked with the acquisition and merging process. Based on a literature review it has been said that there are two main types of motives for mergers and acquisition. First motive reason is the financial reason, such as increasing the overall performance and creating value for shareholder. Second reason is the non value maximizing managerially based motive. Recently due the economic situation, cross borders Mergers and Acquisition activities have risen significantly. Countries in the Europe are very much involved in the Mergers and Acquisition market. The acquisition motive is therefore often linked to acquisition and integration strategies and outcome in the research. Hence it is important to know and understand the process of acquisitions and help to make it more effective in order to gain extra benefits arising of it. Mainly to review the different kinds of product and processes these two companies has and find the positives for a final decision. This research explains the impact of project management merging acquisition between GE Money and Banco Santander. This comparison review answers the importance of integration process in making the acquisition more effective. Limitation of Research When analysis the Acquisition project we need to remember one key fact that the process actually is long drawn out and can take months or years to be completed. The organizational change takes places and this can be sure when the change will be effective for the organizations. Hence due to time constraints, it was not possible for this study to look at any particular Acquisition deal across its lifecycle. To analyse this research I have relied on information got through sources like, management team meeting, financial books and reports. CHAPTER 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aim The aim of the research to find out the impact of project management on mergers and acquisitions. This aim is to organize and review the relevant literature on organizational change. Objectives Primary To study the impact of Project management on Mergers and Acquisitions. Secondary To understand the importance of Project management on Mergers and Acquisition. To understand the importance of the integration in the Acquisition. To study the importance and need of Project management tools and techniques on the process of Integration. To analyse the success on implementation of Project management approach in mergers and acquisitions. CHAPTER 3 OUTLINE OF RESEARCH LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Definition of Mergers and Acquisition Many authors have explained and written several definitions about merging and acquisitions, some of them are mentioned below. According to Joseph (2008), Change management is a loosely defined term that refers to a broad array of activities and initiatives that occurs in the workplace. As such in order of effective, a change management program must integrate those programs elements that address any of the variety of elements, communication, training, testing, program planning, market analysis and implementation of new policies and procedures. According to Gaughan (1996), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A merger is a combination of two corporations in which only one corporation survives and the merged corporation goes out of existenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (1). He explained that according to merger the acquiring company assumes the assets and liabilities of the merged company. A statutory merger differs from a subsidiary merger, which is a merger of two companies in which the target company becomes a subsidiary or part of a subsidiary of the parent company. Gaughan also states that a merger differs from a consolidation which is a business combination where two or more company joins to form a new company. In this all combining companies get dissolved and new company is formed. For E.g.: There are two companies. Company A and Company B, where B is merged with A. In a consolidation (Company A + Company B = Company C). In this Company C is entirely a new company. There are differences between the terms merger and acquisition, however many terms between mergers and acquisition are interchangeable. According to Sudarsanam (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In a merger, the corporations come together to combine and share their resources to achieve common objectives. The shareholders of the combining firms often remain as joint owners of the combined entity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (2) Pearson (1989), An acquisition profile is a written documentation of description of the importance features required in a company to be acquired. This profile is a valuable aid and should be signed off by the senior management team (Board of Directors), to authorise work to proceed. Both the companies are adequate to give a description which will focus the search for the suitable companies, which means that the company which fall out of the acquisition profile will be rejected with a minimum of time and effort. (3) According to Sudarsanam (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An acquisition resembles more of an arms length deal, with one firm purchasing the assets or shares of another, and with the acquired firms shareholders ceasing to be owners of that firm.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 3.2 Types of Mergers Merger and Acquisition is depends on the particular company to which it target company is acquired. An organization or company will try to merge or acquire only when it has come to a stage of expand its operation to make it growth internal strength. The company aims to have its position stabilized under business growth, finance, and be a leader in the market. According to Neirinckx (1999) he explains this in detail three types of mergers and acquisition. 3.2.1 Horizontal Mergers Acquisition The best acquisition of this type tends to be companies, which have a high quality product line and are trading in market where the acquirer is also present. The horizontal acquisition allows rationalism and thus allows an improved cash flow. Horizontal acquisition are however not a guarantee for success. One of the variables which need to be considered whether one major acquisition is desirable or whether a series of smaller ones is preferred. Sequential acquisition of smaller companies tend to be more successful because the digestion of a very large acquisition is complex and entails a lot of dangers, such as integrating two potential different cultures into one. The main reason of these mergers in to obtain economy in sales production. These mergers results in reduce of firms in an industry, due to which such mergers types becomes easier for the industry to join together for monopoly gain or profit. Example: In 1998 Merging and acquisition which took place Exxon and Mobil which can be considered as a typical example for horizontal mergers and acquisition 3.2.2 Vertical Mergers Acquisition A company proceed in a vertical merger when its usually seeks to merger with another company to takeover another company especially to expand its operations by the process of integration. Organizations integrate vertically between different stages due to reasons like improves planning for inventory and production, technological economies, reconciliation of divergent interests of parties to a transaction, elimination of transaction costs, etc. Vertical acquisition have a very bad reputation and while many companies are actually reducing their vertical integration. Example: In 1993 a Merging and acquisition took place between Merck and Medco in the pharmaceutical Industry. 3.2.3 Concentric Mergers Acquisition According to Neirinckx, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Typically this means the acquisition of companies in business areas which are connected to the core business.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This happens when the company feels strong in its basis of technologies distribution or marketing. Companies engage in concentric merging and acquisition tends to make a limited line of products and are very strong in one of the business segments. This happens in slow growing firms and is being used by companies which occupy a rather narrow segment of a widely spread firm and took for higher profit margin in other firms. 3.2.4 Conglomerate Mergers Acquisition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Conglomerates are group of companies that operate in widely diverse industry.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Coyle, 2000 p 22). According to John C. Narver à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The definitions of conglomerate mergers in the report referred to little or no discernible relationship between acquiring and acquired firm.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? According Guaghan (1996 p. 7), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A conglomerate merger occurs when the companies are not competitors and do not have a buyer- seller relationship.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This conglomerate mergers Acquisition can be distinguished between two types. Financial Conglomerates Managerial Conglomerates 3.3 Motives of Mergers According to Hilda, (2000), the motives behind mergers are complex. Freidrich Trautwein was one of the researchers to attempt to make sense of the various theories extended to explain the allure of mergers. Freidrich Trautwein identified seven theories and looking at examples of organizations espousing that motive, investigated evidence of that motive and plausibility of the theory. The theories Freidrich Trautwein examined were:- Efficiency Monopoly Valuation Empire Building Process Raider Disturbance Stephen Wernet and Sandra Jones suggest that there is a difference in motive between for profit and non- profit companies. In the profit sector mergers are understood from the perspective of the purchaser not the acquired firm, and occur as a strategy for growth and expansion. In the nonprofit sector, resource scarcity and environmental uncertainty motivate mergers. 3.4 Defining an Acquisition Profile Acquisition profile needs to be described with quantitative and qualitative features which are very much important to the acquiring company. Pearson (1989) explains the content of an acquisition profile must have a description of the acquisition project. The profile has been explained below according to him. (4) 3.2.1 Market segment, Product and Services 3.2.2 Commercial Rationale 3.2.3 Maximum Cash Available For Acquisition 3.2.4 Maximum Total Purchase consideration 3.2.5 Minimum Size 3.2.6 Minimum Profitability 3.2.7 Management Style 3.2.8 Location 3.2.9 Key Requirements for Success 3.2.10 Financial Returns to be achieved 3.5 Overseas Acquisition Overseas acquisition is not as normal as acquisition of companies within the same countries. Lets study the more about overseas acquisition. Pearson, (1989). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Acquiring a company overseas needs proper research and analysis at the outset. It could prove to be an expensive ego trip. An overseas acquisition should be demonstrably relevant to defined corporate objectives and strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. If there is a depression in the home market, however the same business may find growth in the overseas market. Overseas growth may provide the opportunity to develop the business. According to Pearson, Politically a business which is multinational is less vulnerable to threats such as nationalization. There are risks involved the overseas acquisition such as customer resistance to overseas owned companies, different culture, language difficulties and local regulation rule. It is important that the acquiring company need to examine where to extend it business and also selecting the country under business development and profitability. 3.6 Selecting the Country The country for acquisition must be chosen before an acquisition profile. This involves in market research and some key factors. According to Pearson, there are five key factors for selecting the country for acquisition. The key factors are mention and explained below in detail. 3.6.1 Political Stability 3.6.2 Cultural and Social Background 3.6.3 Economic Environment 3.6.4 Legal Requirement 3.6.5 Taxation and Repatriation of Funds 3.6.1 Political Stability The political stability depends on the payback time for an overseas investment. This is like setting up a company in the rented premises and then the packback period would be less than two years. For an acquisition the time period is much longer. There are political instability like civil unrest, national strike and local wars. Political stability for many countries will be ruled out on this factor. 3.6.2 Cultural and Social Background Pearson, (1989), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is important that the country accepts overseas ownership of business, a ownership the implications of capitalism involvedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Foreign investors are treated differently than home investors. In some countries they offer valuable incentives where as other side discriminate against foreign ownership. The education standard, communication and services need to be adequate to support the business and management style. The health and safety hazard need to checked. In some countries, its not safe for executives and family lifestyle due to many kidnapping and unacceptable threat of violence. Precautions and insurance for personal safety may be required. Business culture and ethics varies from country to country. In some countries it may be not possible to run the business effectively without paying bride to get things approved. 3.6.3 Economic Environment According to Pearson, the ideal country will combine the prospect of good growth in the relevant market sector and acceptable levels of inflation with a relatively stable currency. The economic growth in some country may be poor, however in some markets will still open doors for attractive investment opportunity. 3.6.4 Legal Requirements Government approval is required to complete an acquisition. Anti trust and monopoly issues legislation may exist. Local advisers are needed to complete a course to meet the legal requirement of the country. In acquisition there will be need to meet the local requirements and these are known as outset. Adding to Anti trust rules and regulations there will be exchange control regulation, Law of employment and other legal laws which is required. 3.6.5 Taxation and Repatriation of Funds Investment in an overseas acquisition need to be evaluated for net of taxes. Taxation rate, tariff, incentives double taxation agreement and withhold taxation must be taken in to account. Fund that are invested in the net of taxation, it is not necessary to achieve an acceptable rate of return. The rule for repatriation of profits and capital should provide adequate scope for funds movements. As per the above factor a satisfactory country should always be possible. It is very much important to check that enough suitable potential acquisition companies exist and the purchase price, company expectations are to be acceptable. 3.7 Reason for Merging and Acquisition According to Gaughan, there are several reasons and motives that firm might engage in merging and acquisition. Out of all motives and reason one of the main motives is expansion. Acquiring a company in a business line or geographic area where the company may want to expand can be quicker than internal expansion. Acquisition of a company may provide certain synergistic benefits for the acquirer, such as two lines of business complement one another. An acquisition can also be a part of diversification process that allows the company to move into a different line of business. When firms get engaged in merging and acquisition for the motive of expansion, the cite potential gain as one of the reason for the transaction. Financial factor motivates some merging and acquisition. For E.g., An acquirers financial analysis may reveal that the target is undervalued, which is the value of the buyer may be significantly in excess of the market value of the target. Even when a premium that is normally associated with changes in control is always added to the acquisition price. Apart from this tax motivation also plays a major role in acquisition. 3.8 Definition of Project Management According to James P Lewis, he defines project management as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“application of knowledge skills tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Project management is accomplished through the application and integration of the project management processes of initiating, planning , executing, monitoring, controlling and closing. According to Timothy J. Kloppenborg, Arthur Shriberg, Jayashree Venkatraman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A project is a temporaray endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Project management is the application of skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements, which in turns requires project management to understand to project objectives, limitations, lifecycle and roles of the participants. 3.9 What is Project Management? Project management is a set of principles, method, and techniques that people use to effectively plan and control project work. It established a sound basis for effective planning, scheduling, resourcing, decision-making, controlling and replanning. Project management principle and techniques help complete projects on scheduled, within budget and in full accordance with project specifications. At the same time, they help achieve the other goals of the organization, such as productivity, quality and cost effectiveness. The objective of project management is to optimize project cost, time and quality. 3.10 Importance of Project Management In this world many people become project with knowing the meaning of projects. Someone assign them to manage a project because of their areas of expertise, not because they have received any by accident, it will become a disaster. Learning project management skills can help you complete projects on time, on budgets and on targets. The discipline of project management includes proven strategies for clarifying projects objectives, avoiding serious errors of omissions and eliminating costly mistakes. It also addresses the necessary people skills for getting the cooperation, support and resource to get the job done. Project management is not just for project managers. Team members need to know how carry out their parts of the project and business executive need to understand how to support project management efforts in the organization. 3.11 Project Management Role According to Gary Heerkens, project success will depends on personality traits like honesty, tolerance for ambiguity and openness. However skills required to make a process to go smooth. Paying constant attention to communication, making sure that, the project sponsor and the team members are clear on boundaries and expectation, documenting the project process (task, responsibilities, and relationships) and understanding customer and business needs. There are three main project management skills which are mandatory to have to lead or be a part of a project. 3.11.1 Develop Process Management Skill Learn tools for coordinating the work of many people. Get comfortable dealing with managers on issues of expectations, cost, scheduled and resources. 3.11.2 Build Your Interpersonal Skill Project management is all about getting things done through other people. Work on written and oral communication skills. Learn how to negotiate and influence. Become a coach and mentor to your project members. 3.11.3 Build a Project Network In all likelihood, your project will involve issues that are beyond your own area expertise. You should educate yourself as much as possible about the work your organization does, but it also helps to make contacts with people from diverse areas of your company. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH PLAN AND METHOD 4.1 Methodology The methodology part specify details about the research method design, which indicates the action plan which has been followed to carry out the research to find the impact of project management on mergers and acquisitions. The amount of information which are collected, along with the techniques are used for sampling the data collection method. This also includes the data collected by primary and secondary resource. Data analysis process or method and limitation of the research that impacts the study are also explained. 4.2 Research Design This research will help us to understand the impact of project management for mergers and acquisitions. It has become clear that several ways of doing things may have to be melded and compared before the aims can be fully met. Researches will need to be conducted on the impact on mergers and acquisition firms. We need to evaluate reliability and efficiency under real world conditions using various techniques. This data would be helpful in determine what steps does the organization takes when it comes to change between the organization in terms of mergers and acquisitions. This research will follow the methods of qualitative, inductive, deductive, experimental and empirical research methods. The chapter begins with the introduction, rationale of research, literature review followed by the aims and objectives of the research. Then the research approach, research design, data collection, survey design, data analysis and questionnaire design are discussed. The chapter ends with the outco mes and limitations of the research. This research will be followed as per the below step. Objectives Development Primary and Secondary Data Collection Questionnaire Preparation Design Sample Data Analysis Calculation Final Report This research was designed to achieve the objectives mentioned above. The below mention are the tool used for data collection. Data collection method, Sampling size, frame and technique. 4.3 Data Analysis The data is collected from the actual respondents, the next step in the research process is data analysis. The purpose of this analysis is to interpret and draw conclusions from the collected date. Here a four-step procedure is followed for data analysis. Editing. Coding. Data entry. Tabulation. 4.4 Research Planning First 2 weeks of February 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Collection of Literature Last 2 weeks of February 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Preparation of research methodology and preparation of questionnaire In First 2 weeks of March 2010 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Collection of primary/secondary data Last two weeks of March 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Critical analysis of data Last week of March 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Drawing a conclusion First weeks of April 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Drafting the final report Second weeks of April 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Final report documentation Graphical Representation for Research Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This presentation shows that for the first two weeks will be required to collect the primary data. During this process it ensures that the researcher is equipped or has received the sufficient knowledge about the topic under research. This gained knowledge would help the researcher in his further course of the research. This is based on this literature review where the statement of the problem is explained. Based on statement of the problem, the exact research methodology is taken out and the questionnaire for primary data will be designed. After this the primary data collection begins, which takes longer time to complete about 3 weeks. At this stage the researcher (I) has to make sure that he receive the maximum or highest number of respondents. This process takes close to two weeks. Followed by this we have the most critical part of the research, which is the analysis of primary data and secondary data. To complete this analysis process it takes about two weeks. Once this analysis is completed accurately the researcher needs another week for writing the conclusion and result from the analysis, followed by another week for drafting and finalizing the report Based on the resources given, in terms of knowledge or skill of the researcher, and the time available for conducting the research with access to a wide range of relevant or accurate data and information, the above plan is the most feasible one for successfully conducting the research and obtaining results. CHAPTER 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 5.1 Conclusion The conclusion of this research would give a clear picture of the successful acquisition and integration process and how Santander continues to grow in this business. 5.2 Bibliography This topic which I have chosen is an acquisition project between GE and Santander, with regards to the integration of product and processes of the two organizations. The content was taken from newspapers, journals, articles, internet, internal email and interviews. There will be few interviews taken under this topic, with the senior directors and manager in the organizations. I being an employee for Santander UK, and a lead member of an integration and migration project in the New Business Department, getting information will be easy as I have an authorization from my manager. During this research I have referred to many books, meeting with the senior management team, discussion with all required departments to deliver the integration with values. I hereby will confirm that the all information which will be taken will very much be mention as references and index on the final dissertation. Impact of Project Management on Mergers and Acquisition Impact of Project Management on Mergers and Acquisition In todays complex and competitive global business environment, organizations must adapt to changing environmental conditions by continuously initiating changes in order to remain competitive and profitable. These changes occurs when organizations undertake such changes as implementation new technologies, mergers or acquisition, downsizing, restructuring operations, and outsourcing. During these changes if companies implement programmes like six-sigma or business process improvement then according to Hayes(2002), these changes are usually prompted by a need to maintain or improve an organization effectiveness where effectiveness relates to the organizations ability to use recourse efficiently to achieve immediate goals as well as embracing the need to changing conditions to be to remain efficient over the long term (Carnell, 1999). According to France, Harrington and Marguire (1987), improving an organization effectiveness has important consequences for its overall corporate performan ce. Despite the available of a number of models to aid the successful diagnosis and implementation of change effort, Beer and Nohria (2000,p.88) claims that 70% of all changes initiates fail because managers immerse themselves in an alphabet soup of initiatives without fully understanding the nature and process of corporate change. Therefore there is organization growth is very much important to understand how changes occur so that they can better manage the change process to improve their organizational effectiveness. Rationale of Research The benefits of this importance of this research help us to understand the impact of change management. Merger and acquisition are very much frequent nowadays. Everyone passes Merger and acquisition either themselves working in an organization or someone who is working or owning shares in the firm or merged with another organization. When firms merges between two organizations under takes changes. This change can be in positive or may be the other side of suffering. This motives has been studies previously in the financial sectors, however it frequently linked with the acquisition and merging process. Based on a literature review it has been said that there are two main types of motives for mergers and acquisition. First motive reason is the financial reason, such as increasing the overall performance and creating value for shareholder. Second reason is the non value maximizing managerially based motive. Recently due the economic situation, cross borders Mergers and Acquisition activities have risen significantly. Countries in the Europe are very much involved in the Mergers and Acquisition market. The acquisition motive is therefore often linked to acquisition and integration strategies and outcome in the research. Hence it is important to know and understand the process of acquisitions and help to make it more effective in order to gain extra benefits arising of it. Mainly to review the different kinds of product and processes these two companies has and find the positives for a final decision. This research explains the impact of project management merging acquisition between GE Money and Banco Santander. This comparison review answers the importance of integration process in making the acquisition more effective. Limitation of Research When analysis the Acquisition project we need to remember one key fact that the process actually is long drawn out and can take months or years to be completed. The organizational change takes places and this can be sure when the change will be effective for the organizations. Hence due to time constraints, it was not possible for this study to look at any particular Acquisition deal across its lifecycle. To analyse this research I have relied on information got through sources like, management team meeting, financial books and reports. CHAPTER 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aim The aim of the research to find out the impact of project management on mergers and acquisitions. This aim is to organize and review the relevant literature on organizational change. Objectives Primary To study the impact of Project management on Mergers and Acquisitions. Secondary To understand the importance of Project management on Mergers and Acquisition. To understand the importance of the integration in the Acquisition. To study the importance and need of Project management tools and techniques on the process of Integration. To analyse the success on implementation of Project management approach in mergers and acquisitions. CHAPTER 3 OUTLINE OF RESEARCH LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Definition of Mergers and Acquisition Many authors have explained and written several definitions about merging and acquisitions, some of them are mentioned below. According to Joseph (2008), Change management is a loosely defined term that refers to a broad array of activities and initiatives that occurs in the workplace. As such in order of effective, a change management program must integrate those programs elements that address any of the variety of elements, communication, training, testing, program planning, market analysis and implementation of new policies and procedures. According to Gaughan (1996), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A merger is a combination of two corporations in which only one corporation survives and the merged corporation goes out of existenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. (1). He explained that according to merger the acquiring company assumes the assets and liabilities of the merged company. A statutory merger differs from a subsidiary merger, which is a merger of two companies in which the target company becomes a subsidiary or part of a subsidiary of the parent company. Gaughan also states that a merger differs from a consolidation which is a business combination where two or more company joins to form a new company. In this all combining companies get dissolved and new company is formed. For E.g.: There are two companies. Company A and Company B, where B is merged with A. In a consolidation (Company A + Company B = Company C). In this Company C is entirely a new company. There are differences between the terms merger and acquisition, however many terms between mergers and acquisition are interchangeable. According to Sudarsanam (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In a merger, the corporations come together to combine and share their resources to achieve common objectives. The shareholders of the combining firms often remain as joint owners of the combined entity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (2) Pearson (1989), An acquisition profile is a written documentation of description of the importance features required in a company to be acquired. This profile is a valuable aid and should be signed off by the senior management team (Board of Directors), to authorise work to proceed. Both the companies are adequate to give a description which will focus the search for the suitable companies, which means that the company which fall out of the acquisition profile will be rejected with a minimum of time and effort. (3) According to Sudarsanam (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An acquisition resembles more of an arms length deal, with one firm purchasing the assets or shares of another, and with the acquired firms shareholders ceasing to be owners of that firm.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 3.2 Types of Mergers Merger and Acquisition is depends on the particular company to which it target company is acquired. An organization or company will try to merge or acquire only when it has come to a stage of expand its operation to make it growth internal strength. The company aims to have its position stabilized under business growth, finance, and be a leader in the market. According to Neirinckx (1999) he explains this in detail three types of mergers and acquisition. 3.2.1 Horizontal Mergers Acquisition The best acquisition of this type tends to be companies, which have a high quality product line and are trading in market where the acquirer is also present. The horizontal acquisition allows rationalism and thus allows an improved cash flow. Horizontal acquisition are however not a guarantee for success. One of the variables which need to be considered whether one major acquisition is desirable or whether a series of smaller ones is preferred. Sequential acquisition of smaller companies tend to be more successful because the digestion of a very large acquisition is complex and entails a lot of dangers, such as integrating two potential different cultures into one. The main reason of these mergers in to obtain economy in sales production. These mergers results in reduce of firms in an industry, due to which such mergers types becomes easier for the industry to join together for monopoly gain or profit. Example: In 1998 Merging and acquisition which took place Exxon and Mobil which can be considered as a typical example for horizontal mergers and acquisition 3.2.2 Vertical Mergers Acquisition A company proceed in a vertical merger when its usually seeks to merger with another company to takeover another company especially to expand its operations by the process of integration. Organizations integrate vertically between different stages due to reasons like improves planning for inventory and production, technological economies, reconciliation of divergent interests of parties to a transaction, elimination of transaction costs, etc. Vertical acquisition have a very bad reputation and while many companies are actually reducing their vertical integration. Example: In 1993 a Merging and acquisition took place between Merck and Medco in the pharmaceutical Industry. 3.2.3 Concentric Mergers Acquisition According to Neirinckx, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Typically this means the acquisition of companies in business areas which are connected to the core business.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This happens when the company feels strong in its basis of technologies distribution or marketing. Companies engage in concentric merging and acquisition tends to make a limited line of products and are very strong in one of the business segments. This happens in slow growing firms and is being used by companies which occupy a rather narrow segment of a widely spread firm and took for higher profit margin in other firms. 3.2.4 Conglomerate Mergers Acquisition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Conglomerates are group of companies that operate in widely diverse industry.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Coyle, 2000 p 22). According to John C. Narver à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The definitions of conglomerate mergers in the report referred to little or no discernible relationship between acquiring and acquired firm.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? According Guaghan (1996 p. 7), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A conglomerate merger occurs when the companies are not competitors and do not have a buyer- seller relationship.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This conglomerate mergers Acquisition can be distinguished between two types. Financial Conglomerates Managerial Conglomerates 3.3 Motives of Mergers According to Hilda, (2000), the motives behind mergers are complex. Freidrich Trautwein was one of the researchers to attempt to make sense of the various theories extended to explain the allure of mergers. Freidrich Trautwein identified seven theories and looking at examples of organizations espousing that motive, investigated evidence of that motive and plausibility of the theory. The theories Freidrich Trautwein examined were:- Efficiency Monopoly Valuation Empire Building Process Raider Disturbance Stephen Wernet and Sandra Jones suggest that there is a difference in motive between for profit and non- profit companies. In the profit sector mergers are understood from the perspective of the purchaser not the acquired firm, and occur as a strategy for growth and expansion. In the nonprofit sector, resource scarcity and environmental uncertainty motivate mergers. 3.4 Defining an Acquisition Profile Acquisition profile needs to be described with quantitative and qualitative features which are very much important to the acquiring company. Pearson (1989) explains the content of an acquisition profile must have a description of the acquisition project. The profile has been explained below according to him. (4) 3.2.1 Market segment, Product and Services 3.2.2 Commercial Rationale 3.2.3 Maximum Cash Available For Acquisition 3.2.4 Maximum Total Purchase consideration 3.2.5 Minimum Size 3.2.6 Minimum Profitability 3.2.7 Management Style 3.2.8 Location 3.2.9 Key Requirements for Success 3.2.10 Financial Returns to be achieved 3.5 Overseas Acquisition Overseas acquisition is not as normal as acquisition of companies within the same countries. Lets study the more about overseas acquisition. Pearson, (1989). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Acquiring a company overseas needs proper research and analysis at the outset. It could prove to be an expensive ego trip. An overseas acquisition should be demonstrably relevant to defined corporate objectives and strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. If there is a depression in the home market, however the same business may find growth in the overseas market. Overseas growth may provide the opportunity to develop the business. According to Pearson, Politically a business which is multinational is less vulnerable to threats such as nationalization. There are risks involved the overseas acquisition such as customer resistance to overseas owned companies, different culture, language difficulties and local regulation rule. It is important that the acquiring company need to examine where to extend it business and also selecting the country under business development and profitability. 3.6 Selecting the Country The country for acquisition must be chosen before an acquisition profile. This involves in market research and some key factors. According to Pearson, there are five key factors for selecting the country for acquisition. The key factors are mention and explained below in detail. 3.6.1 Political Stability 3.6.2 Cultural and Social Background 3.6.3 Economic Environment 3.6.4 Legal Requirement 3.6.5 Taxation and Repatriation of Funds 3.6.1 Political Stability The political stability depends on the payback time for an overseas investment. This is like setting up a company in the rented premises and then the packback period would be less than two years. For an acquisition the time period is much longer. There are political instability like civil unrest, national strike and local wars. Political stability for many countries will be ruled out on this factor. 3.6.2 Cultural and Social Background Pearson, (1989), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is important that the country accepts overseas ownership of business, a ownership the implications of capitalism involvedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Foreign investors are treated differently than home investors. In some countries they offer valuable incentives where as other side discriminate against foreign ownership. The education standard, communication and services need to be adequate to support the business and management style. The health and safety hazard need to checked. In some countries, its not safe for executives and family lifestyle due to many kidnapping and unacceptable threat of violence. Precautions and insurance for personal safety may be required. Business culture and ethics varies from country to country. In some countries it may be not possible to run the business effectively without paying bride to get things approved. 3.6.3 Economic Environment According to Pearson, the ideal country will combine the prospect of good growth in the relevant market sector and acceptable levels of inflation with a relatively stable currency. The economic growth in some country may be poor, however in some markets will still open doors for attractive investment opportunity. 3.6.4 Legal Requirements Government approval is required to complete an acquisition. Anti trust and monopoly issues legislation may exist. Local advisers are needed to complete a course to meet the legal requirement of the country. In acquisition there will be need to meet the local requirements and these are known as outset. Adding to Anti trust rules and regulations there will be exchange control regulation, Law of employment and other legal laws which is required. 3.6.5 Taxation and Repatriation of Funds Investment in an overseas acquisition need to be evaluated for net of taxes. Taxation rate, tariff, incentives double taxation agreement and withhold taxation must be taken in to account. Fund that are invested in the net of taxation, it is not necessary to achieve an acceptable rate of return. The rule for repatriation of profits and capital should provide adequate scope for funds movements. As per the above factor a satisfactory country should always be possible. It is very much important to check that enough suitable potential acquisition companies exist and the purchase price, company expectations are to be acceptable. 3.7 Reason for Merging and Acquisition According to Gaughan, there are several reasons and motives that firm might engage in merging and acquisition. Out of all motives and reason one of the main motives is expansion. Acquiring a company in a business line or geographic area where the company may want to expand can be quicker than internal expansion. Acquisition of a company may provide certain synergistic benefits for the acquirer, such as two lines of business complement one another. An acquisition can also be a part of diversification process that allows the company to move into a different line of business. When firms get engaged in merging and acquisition for the motive of expansion, the cite potential gain as one of the reason for the transaction. Financial factor motivates some merging and acquisition. For E.g., An acquirers financial analysis may reveal that the target is undervalued, which is the value of the buyer may be significantly in excess of the market value of the target. Even when a premium that is normally associated with changes in control is always added to the acquisition price. Apart from this tax motivation also plays a major role in acquisition. 3.8 Definition of Project Management According to James P Lewis, he defines project management as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“application of knowledge skills tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Project management is accomplished through the application and integration of the project management processes of initiating, planning , executing, monitoring, controlling and closing. According to Timothy J. Kloppenborg, Arthur Shriberg, Jayashree Venkatraman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A project is a temporaray endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Project management is the application of skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements, which in turns requires project management to understand to project objectives, limitations, lifecycle and roles of the participants. 3.9 What is Project Management? Project management is a set of principles, method, and techniques that people use to effectively plan and control project work. It established a sound basis for effective planning, scheduling, resourcing, decision-making, controlling and replanning. Project management principle and techniques help complete projects on scheduled, within budget and in full accordance with project specifications. At the same time, they help achieve the other goals of the organization, such as productivity, quality and cost effectiveness. The objective of project management is to optimize project cost, time and quality. 3.10 Importance of Project Management In this world many people become project with knowing the meaning of projects. Someone assign them to manage a project because of their areas of expertise, not because they have received any by accident, it will become a disaster. Learning project management skills can help you complete projects on time, on budgets and on targets. The discipline of project management includes proven strategies for clarifying projects objectives, avoiding serious errors of omissions and eliminating costly mistakes. It also addresses the necessary people skills for getting the cooperation, support and resource to get the job done. Project management is not just for project managers. Team members need to know how carry out their parts of the project and business executive need to understand how to support project management efforts in the organization. 3.11 Project Management Role According to Gary Heerkens, project success will depends on personality traits like honesty, tolerance for ambiguity and openness. However skills required to make a process to go smooth. Paying constant attention to communication, making sure that, the project sponsor and the team members are clear on boundaries and expectation, documenting the project process (task, responsibilities, and relationships) and understanding customer and business needs. There are three main project management skills which are mandatory to have to lead or be a part of a project. 3.11.1 Develop Process Management Skill Learn tools for coordinating the work of many people. Get comfortable dealing with managers on issues of expectations, cost, scheduled and resources. 3.11.2 Build Your Interpersonal Skill Project management is all about getting things done through other people. Work on written and oral communication skills. Learn how to negotiate and influence. Become a coach and mentor to your project members. 3.11.3 Build a Project Network In all likelihood, your project will involve issues that are beyond your own area expertise. You should educate yourself as much as possible about the work your organization does, but it also helps to make contacts with people from diverse areas of your company. CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH PLAN AND METHOD 4.1 Methodology The methodology part specify details about the research method design, which indicates the action plan which has been followed to carry out the research to find the impact of project management on mergers and acquisitions. The amount of information which are collected, along with the techniques are used for sampling the data collection method. This also includes the data collected by primary and secondary resource. Data analysis process or method and limitation of the research that impacts the study are also explained. 4.2 Research Design This research will help us to understand the impact of project management for mergers and acquisitions. It has become clear that several ways of doing things may have to be melded and compared before the aims can be fully met. Researches will need to be conducted on the impact on mergers and acquisition firms. We need to evaluate reliability and efficiency under real world conditions using various techniques. This data would be helpful in determine what steps does the organization takes when it comes to change between the organization in terms of mergers and acquisitions. This research will follow the methods of qualitative, inductive, deductive, experimental and empirical research methods. The chapter begins with the introduction, rationale of research, literature review followed by the aims and objectives of the research. Then the research approach, research design, data collection, survey design, data analysis and questionnaire design are discussed. The chapter ends with the outco mes and limitations of the research. This research will be followed as per the below step. Objectives Development Primary and Secondary Data Collection Questionnaire Preparation Design Sample Data Analysis Calculation Final Report This research was designed to achieve the objectives mentioned above. The below mention are the tool used for data collection. Data collection method, Sampling size, frame and technique. 4.3 Data Analysis The data is collected from the actual respondents, the next step in the research process is data analysis. The purpose of this analysis is to interpret and draw conclusions from the collected date. Here a four-step procedure is followed for data analysis. Editing. Coding. Data entry. Tabulation. 4.4 Research Planning First 2 weeks of February 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Collection of Literature Last 2 weeks of February 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Preparation of research methodology and preparation of questionnaire In First 2 weeks of March 2010 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Collection of primary/secondary data Last two weeks of March 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Critical analysis of data Last week of March 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Drawing a conclusion First weeks of April 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Drafting the final report Second weeks of April 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Final report documentation Graphical Representation for Research Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This presentation shows that for the first two weeks will be required to collect the primary data. During this process it ensures that the researcher is equipped or has received the sufficient knowledge about the topic under research. This gained knowledge would help the researcher in his further course of the research. This is based on this literature review where the statement of the problem is explained. Based on statement of the problem, the exact research methodology is taken out and the questionnaire for primary data will be designed. After this the primary data collection begins, which takes longer time to complete about 3 weeks. At this stage the researcher (I) has to make sure that he receive the maximum or highest number of respondents. This process takes close to two weeks. Followed by this we have the most critical part of the research, which is the analysis of primary data and secondary data. To complete this analysis process it takes about two weeks. Once this analysis is completed accurately the researcher needs another week for writing the conclusion and result from the analysis, followed by another week for drafting and finalizing the report Based on the resources given, in terms of knowledge or skill of the researcher, and the time available for conducting the research with access to a wide range of relevant or accurate data and information, the above plan is the most feasible one for successfully conducting the research and obtaining results. CHAPTER 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 5.1 Conclusion The conclusion of this research would give a clear picture of the successful acquisition and integration process and how Santander continues to grow in this business. 5.2 Bibliography This topic which I have chosen is an acquisition project between GE and Santander, with regards to the integration of product and processes of the two organizations. The content was taken from newspapers, journals, articles, internet, internal email and interviews. There will be few interviews taken under this topic, with the senior directors and manager in the organizations. I being an employee for Santander UK, and a lead member of an integration and migration project in the New Business Department, getting information will be easy as I have an authorization from my manager. During this research I have referred to many books, meeting with the senior management team, discussion with all required departments to deliver the integration with values. I hereby will confirm that the all information which will be taken will very much be mention as references and index on the final dissertation.

Digital Fortress Chapter 8

The twin-engine Learjet 60 touched down on the scorching runway. Outside the window, the barren landscape of Spain's lower extremadura blurred and then slowed to a crawl. â€Å"Mr. Becker?† a voice crackled. â€Å"We're here.† Becker stood and stretched. After unlatching the overhead compartment, he remembered he had no luggage. There had been no time to pack. It didn't matter-he'd been promised the trip would be brief, in and out. As the engines wound down, the plane eased out of the sun and into a deserted hangar opposite the main terminal. A moment later the pilot appeared and popped the hatch. Becker tossed back the last of his cranberry juice, put the glass on the wet bar, and scooped up his suit coat. The pilot pulled a thick manila envelope from his flight suit. â€Å"I was instructed to give you this.† He handed it to Becker. On the front, scrawled in blue pen, were the words: KEEP THE CHANGE. Becker thumbed through the thick stack of reddish bills. â€Å"What the†¦?† â€Å"Local currency,† the pilot offered flatly. â€Å"I know what it is,† Becker stammered. â€Å"But it's†¦ it's too much. All I need is taxi fare.† Becker did the conversion in his head. â€Å"What's in here is worth thousands of dollars!† â€Å"I have my orders, sir.† The pilot turned and hoisted himself back into the cabin. The door slid shut behind him. Becker stared up at the plane and then down at the money in his hand. After standing a moment in the empty hangar, he put the envelope in his breast pocket, shouldered his suit coat, and headed out across the runway. It was a strange beginning. Becker pushed it from his mind. With a little luck he'd be back in time to salvage some of his Stone Manor trip with Susan. In and out, he told himself. In and out. There was no way he could have known.

The Confidential Secrets of Easy Topics for Argumentative Essay Discovered

The Confidential Secrets of Easy Topics for Argumentative Essay Discovered The Upside to Easy Topics for Argumentative Essay Normally, you will argue strongly for the most vital cause in this kind of essay. The shortage of fantastic support sources are going to result in a decrease grade. The matter of athletic fitness ought to be dealt which much more strictness. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. The 5-Minute Rule for Easy Topics for Argumentative Essay There are lots of things you need to live, many things you feel, and you simply don't know if a number of the situations you do are ok or not. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. 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