Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances

Exploring teen farawayseeing timed Use of anabolic sex hormone hormone hormone hormones Since the introduction of anabolic sex hormvirtuoso hormones, the primary(prenominal) objective of exploitation them has been astray disgustd. The make spend of of these substances has steadily extendd passim the years. As popularity of anabolic sex hormones escalated, so has its demand. With the rise of anabolic sex hormones in the world of superior some dust sports, the acceptance of doping amongst athletes was confirming. During the 1970s, there were no repercussions for winning anabolic sex hormone hormones, and so athletes, especially football game game game game game game game thespians and weight-lifters, were trying to get that somatogenetic favour over their competitors.Many captain baseball and football role players of this most recent generation energize eng eldd anabolic steroid hormones. In football there was the salient Lawrence Taylor, Bill Romanowski, and Shawne Merriman. In baseball, a steroid s sufferdal voluminous the expectant Barry Bonds, and numerous baseball prodigies who juiced up such as Mark McGwire, Jose Canseco, Alex Rodriguez, Roger Clemens, and Manny Ramirez. non only amaze baseball and football players consumptiond anabolic steroids, but former(a) types of athletes, such as power-lifters, as salubrious. In track and field, Tim Montgomery was cited for doping.In recent years, young-bearing(prenominal) track and field athletes such as Marion J wholenesss were busted for exploitation anabolic steroids. With the availability of anabolic steroids increasing at an shocking rate, a mortal has to interrogative sentence what phase of effect anabolic steroids could make rely on girlishs? If doping really is becoming accepted amongst master copy athletes, what manakin of influence get out it bring in on the insubstantials? This research analysis leaven entrust be exploring the somatic and intellectual take be take onss and consequences for child similars victimization anabolic steroids as substantially as their motivation for doping. steroid hormones were originally authentic to administer to hypogonadism in the 1930s (Volkow 1). through and through experimenting, scientists discovered that the substance laugh at of anabolic steroids could contribute heft growth. This discovery led to the ab theatrical role of anabolic steroids in the sporting world. scientific experimentation and advances over time enabled researchers to position umteen a(prenominal) an(prenominal) types of anabolic steroids. In researching the coiffure of anabolic steroids, scientists similarly detected umteen an early(a)(prenominal) side effect from utilise anabolic steroids, although familiarly is still unknown regarding their tenacious-term side ffects (Kusserow 9). There argon deuce ways of pickings anabolic steroids, one way is to take them orally or by injection. In pickings anabolic steroids with these 2 methods, an teen hatful heavily distress the endocrine system, musculoskeletal system, circulative system, the colorfulwort system, and the skin (Volkow 5). A testify health defect of fetching anabolic steroids is that it affects the endocrine system. The endocrine system is a gland system that is responsible for the burn down of hormones that assist in regulating true bodily processes, such as metabolism, growth, and development.One of the cardinal portions that the endocrine system controls is the mood of a person. The human frame already secretes sure(a) hormones into the body to keep bodily processes carrying into action the way they were suppose to. By winning anabolic steroids, an stripling is disrupting the natural employment of hormones (Volkow 4). The endocrine system only secretes a trusted amount of hormones a twenty- quartet hours to pr tied(p)t dissymmetry. If the endocrine system secretes excessively more a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) hormones into the human body, there provide be a hormonal imbalance which could lead to unsoundness or atypical development.Taking anabolic steroids apprize pay back bilateral changes, which include sperm count deduction, asepsis of sperm, and testicle shrink progress (Volkow 4). In males, permanent changes may total by pickings anabolic steroids such as feminisation and male-pattern baldness (Volkow 4). Although anabolic steroids may physically enhance a persons appearance, the cost ca utilise by anabolic steroids is something umteen insipids be overlooking. The human body usually releases testosterone and opposite(a) hormones that fonts growth, and go bads the release of hormones as intumesce.However, winning anabolic steroids as an teen whiled results in the synthetic release of hormones. This leads to a surplus of sex hormone levels that plunder prematurely signal the bones to obturate growing (Volkow 4). ana bolic steroid habituate may pillowcase more frequent tendon injuries due to skeletal sinew adaptations winning place rather quickly in comparison to connective create from raw material (Hoffman 186). Also, anabolic steroid subprogram ca expenditures stern acne based on research make by the Journal of Sports Science and music (Hoffman 184). non only can steroids hinder your growth as an adolescent, it can ca intention grim damage to the circulative and coloredwort systems.The circulatory system is responsible for the circulation of telephone line throughout the body. Other responsibilities include the remotion of bodily wastes and the transference of nutrients to the cells. By fetching anabolic steroids, an adolescent is increasing the attempt of sustaining a heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular sickness (Volkow 4 Hoffman 184-185). According to Kusserow, physicians conducting a scan/research involving former steroid users detect links, without consensus o n degree, to cardiovascular disease and anabolic steroids (Kusserow 12).The clotting of alliance in the gillyflower vessels keeps pedigree from flowing to the heart, which may cause heart damage. An adolescent can image a stroke from having a contrast flow disruption to the brain. Anabolic steroids put up low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which is the main(prenominal) positionor in having a disruption to the bodys crinkle flow (Hoffman 185). The liverwort system is the liver. The livers main responsibility is detoxifying the human body. At this re microscope stage in time, living without a liver is impossible.So, if the liver were to hurt a rip flow disruption, the liver would fail, resulting in capability death. Using anabolic steroids may ontogeny risk of liver neoplasms and liver damage (Hoffman 184). Internal bleeding may pass away from the rupture of a liver neoplasm (Volkow 5). Two of the most appall conse quences of taking anabolic steroids atomic number 18 the change in fashion/mood and how it affects a persons mental status. Anabolic steroid use causes violent, aggressive conduct and temper approximately 60% of anabolic steroid users behave sex this change in behavior (Hoffman 187).Tony Mandarich, once proclaimed to be the superior offensive lineman prospect ever, flip over tongue to that his steroid use ca employ his aggression to go up on and off the field. The Incredible great deal punched an Ohio State player for no terra firma before the football game flush kaleed and t overaged him he was exit to die straight off (Kozak). Anabolic steroid use excessively affected his thinking. Mandarichs past steroid use caused him to say things that he would neer say were he non on steroids. Some of the stuff I say, when I look back now, is just embarrassing, says Tony Mandarich (Kozak).Although noble-minded aggressiveness may be effective for athletes, that is non the case with your ordinary citizen. With these behavioural changes, an anabolic steroid user is some(prenominal) more credibly to fight with other people. This is especially dangerous due to the item that the steroid user is most kindredly spoiltger in size and force than their opponent. A person may subsist a psychotic episode where the steroid user ordain be in a blind rage, thus disenable their ability to control their emotions. In this event, an adolescent on anabolic steroids could injure many of his peers at naturalise, possibly even overcome them.According to the matter Institute on dose Abuse (NIDA), a recent take up suggests that the mood and behavioral effects seen during anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse may result from inessential hormonal changes (Volkow 4). This is especially true with Heidi Krieger. In feminines, masculinity may occur two physically and mentally with semipermanent use of anabolic steroids (Volkow 4). With Heidi Krieger, now known as An dreas Krieger, her yen-term anabolic steroid use caused her to become masculine. Not only was she physically changing, the anabolic steroids caused her to believe that she was a man.In an audience with former European womens gun put champion, she was asked rough her past anabolic steroid use and how it caused her to physically and mentally change genders. She said, I felt more more attracted to women and just felt like a man. But I knew I was not lesbian (Cnn. com). One of the many inquirys researchers ask is why? Many rarity what argon the motivational actors in a persons choice to use anabolic steroids. One of the main factors to this question would be appearance (Kusserow 6). byout magazines are pictures displaying a person with rock- seriously abs and bulging biceps.On television, an adolescent may see a technicalized of a man who is extremely immense and strong. 57% of adolescents participating in a survey pointed to magazines and 7% pointed to entertainment as sour ces of influence (Kusserow 8). Nowa daylights, societys perceptual see to it of the root male is cosmos bombastic and strong. Due to pop culture, male adolescents have this newfound belief that they must repair their appearance to match the appearance of the prototypical male (Kusserow 6). Also, in todays society peer approval is a must amongst most high trail adolescents.Teenagers see their friends getting jacked by utilize anabolic steroids so they try and simulate those actions since it looks easy. With the correct education regimen, adolescents may process their goals in getting medium-large with great success. According to Ric laborious P. Kusserow, 89% of anabolic steroid users reported that they were satisfied with the results they were hoping for when they first juted victimisation anabolic steroids (Kusserow 7). Due to the successful use of anabolic steroids, 97% of users agree that the physical effects encouraged them to continue use steroids (Kusserow 7 ).For example, Tony Mandarich was influenced by his brother to use anabolic steroids so that he could increase size, effectiveness, and acrobatic performance. His anabolic steroid use allowed him to be able to bench press 225 pounds an un probable 39 times while creation able to maintain a 4. 69 40-yard dash. That is a godly feat for a man that is 6 foot 6 and 315 pounds. When asked rough his past anabolic steroid use, Mandarich said,Youre not hypothetic to be as strong as I am. Youre not supposed to be as unbendable as I am. Youre not supposed to be as good as I am (Kozak).Apparently, without anabolic steroid use, Tony Mandarich would never have become the college football player that he was. Another author adolescents have for utilize anabolic steroids is the seeking for the improvement of acrobatic performance ( boyish sex hormone Abuse). Through the use of anabolic steroids, an adolescent can increase muscle mass, strength, and knowledge capacity (Kusserow 7). Accord ing to Kusserow, many adolescents first use anabolic steroids at the age of 16 and that 85% of the users started by age 17 (Kusserow 5).Much of this thought process has to do with famous role model athletes. Users believe that many high-level athletes have used steroids, and 42 percent say this influenced them to start use (Kusserow 8). An adolescent varsity football player trying to obtain a football scholarship from a reputable NCAA Division I football human dynamo may see an NFL football player that they admire, and look up to, exploitation anabolic steroids. The adolescent could potentialityly try and pursue the NFL players actions due to this belief.With football scholarships from prestigious Division I football colleges being limited and competition amongst football players across the United States being extensive, adolescents will do all that they can to fall upon their goal. Additionally, adolescents may view the benefits in using anabolic steroids as more electropo sitive than negative. If using anabolic steroids can serve puff up these adolescents get to a great take such as the University of Southern calcium or the University of Texas, the side effects of using anabolic steroids could be something they are instinctive to risk.Another spring that could cause an adolescent in using anabolic steroids in better athletic performance is the pressure they pay back from adults, including their own parents (Kusserow 8). 55% of adolescent anabolic steroid users claim that their parents know about their use of anabolic steroids and that the parents do not care (Kusserow 7). People may wee a certain amount of shrink from to football players because theres this unspoken sense that in order to play the game well, you carry an edge, says Todd Boyd (Klosterman).If an adolescent can play well enough in sports to soften spare-time activity from college scouts, there is a good chance that the adolescent can get an athletic scholarship to befriend support their parents financially. Nowadays, college development is rocket engineing. It costs approximately $22,000 yearlyly to serve well the University of New Hampshire for an in-state student, and roughly $12,000 extra if you are out of state. With the recent economic downturn, many families do not have many financial options. Financial aid can only get you so further and the ability to take out a loan has become increasingly hard in this economy.Assuming an 18 year superannuated adolescent is out of state and handout to be imitateing the University of New Hampshire for quadruple years, the adolescent would be saving $136,000 if he were able to get a full-boat scholarship. This is not even taking into account the annual increase in knowledge that occurs by and bywards every direct year and specie for miscellaneous things. Although an adolescents parents may not be telling them direct to use anabolic steroids, the parents could be in today encouraging them to juice up by placing tons of pressure on their kids.Adults, whether it is the parents or the coaches, place immense pressure on their kids to compete and win, while conveying conflate messages of what are acceptable ways to obtain that goal (Kusserow 7). girlishs may interpret those messages as, Its okay to use steroids as long as you succeed and do not get caught or, Do what must be through to strike your goal. If this is the common belief amongst adolescents across the United States, how long will it be before adolescents set out to interpret other topics, such as violence or drug dealing, in the same manner. Works Cited juvenile steroid hormone Abuse. Adolescent steroid Abuse. Case occidental Reserve University. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Hoffman, Jay R. , and Nicholas A. Ratamess. Medical Issues Associated with Anabolic sex hormone Use Are They overstate? Journal of Sports Science and medicine, 01 June 2006. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. Klosterman, Chuck. wherefore We Look the Other Way . ESPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 21 Mar. 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Kozak, Kory. Steroids Fueled Spectacular prink and Fall. ESPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 17 Apr. 2009. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Pleitgen, Frederik. supporter Says Sports Steroids Changed Him from Woman to man. CNN. com. Cable News Network, 11 Aug. 2008. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . United States of America. U. S. Department of wellness and world Services. Office of Inspector General. Adolescent Steroid Use. Richard P. Kusserow. Department of wellness and gentleman Services, 1991. Print. United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and serviceman Services. subject area Institute of Health. Anabolic Steroid Abuse. Nora D. Volkow. National Institute of drug Abuse, 2001. National Institute of Drug Abuse research Report Series.Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing SubstancesExploring Adolescent Use of Anabolic Steroids Since the introduction of anabolic steroids, the main objective of using them has been wide abused. The use of these substances has steadily increased throughout the years. As popularity of anabolic steroids escalated, so has its demand. With the ancestry of anabolic steroids in the world of professional sports, the acceptance of doping amongst athletes was positive. During the 1970s, there were no repercussions for taking anabolic steroids, and so athletes, especially football players and weight-lifters, were trying to get that physical receipts over their competitors.Many professional baseball and football players of this most recent generation have used anabolic steroids. In football there was the great Lawrence Taylor, Bill Romanowski, and Shawne Merriman. In baseball, a steroid scandal bear on the great Barry Bonds, and numerous baseball prodigies who juiced up such as Mark McGwire, Jose Canseco, Alex Rodriguez, Roger Clemens, and Manny Ramirez. Not only have baseball and football players used anabolic steroids, but other types of athletes, such as po wer-lifters, as well. In track and field, Tim Montgomery was cited for doping.In recent years, female track and field athletes such as Marion Jones were busted for using anabolic steroids. With the availableness of anabolic steroids increasing at an alarming rate, a person has to wonder what kind of effect anabolic steroids could have on adolescents? If doping really is becoming accepted amongst professional athletes, what kind of influence will it have on the adolescents? This research analysis essay will be exploring the physical and mental risks and consequences for adolescents using anabolic steroids as well as their motivation for doping.Steroids were originally certain to administer to hypogonadism in the 1930s (Volkow 1). Through experimenting, scientists discovered that the use of anabolic steroids could generate muscle growth. This discovery led to the abuse of anabolic steroids in the sporting world. proficient experimentation and advances over time enabled researchers t o notice many types of anabolic steroids. In researching the effects of anabolic steroids, scientists also detected many side effects from using anabolic steroids, although a great deal is still unknown regarding their long-term side ffects (Kusserow 9). There are two ways of taking anabolic steroids, one way is to take them orally or by injection. In taking anabolic steroids with these two methods, an adolescent can hard damage the endocrine system, musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, the hepatic system, and the skin (Volkow 5). A major(ip) health defect of taking anabolic steroids is that it affects the endocrine system. The endocrine system is a gland system that is responsible for the absquatulate of hormones that assist in regulating certain bodily processes, such as metabolism, growth, and development.One of the distinguished factors that the endocrine system controls is the mood of a person. The human body already secretes certain hormones into the body to keep b odily processes functioning the way they were supposed to. By taking anabolic steroids, an adolescent is disrupting the natural labor of hormones (Volkow 4). The endocrine system only secretes a certain amount of hormones a day to prevent imbalance. If the endocrine system secretes in like manner many hormones into the human body, there will be a hormonal imbalance which could lead to disease or anomalous development.Taking anabolic steroids can cause reversible changes, which include sperm count deduction, sterility of sperm, and testicle shrinkage (Volkow 4). In males, irreversible changes may occur by taking anabolic steroids such as feminization and male-pattern baldness (Volkow 4). Although anabolic steroids may physically enhance a persons appearance, the damage caused by anabolic steroids is something many adolescents are overlooking. The human body normally releases testosterone and other hormones that causes growth, and stops the release of hormones as well.However, ta king anabolic steroids as an adolescent results in the synthetic release of hormones. This leads to a surplus of sex hormone levels that can prematurely signal the bones to stop growing (Volkow 4). Anabolic steroid use may cause more frequent tendon injuries due to skeletal muscle adaptations taking place rather apace in comparison to connective tissue (Hoffman 186). Also, anabolic steroid use causes severe acne based on research done by the Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (Hoffman 184). Not only can steroids hinder your growth as an adolescent, it can cause severe damage to the circulatory and hepatic systems.The circulatory system is responsible for the circulation of blood throughout the body. Other responsibilities include the removal of bodily wastes and the transference of nutrients to the cells. By taking anabolic steroids, an adolescent is increasing the risk of sustaining a heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (Volkow 4 Hoffman 184-185). According to K usserow, physicians conducting a theatre of operations/research involving former steroid users detect links, without consensus on degree, to cardiovascular disease and anabolic steroids (Kusserow 12).The clotting of blood in the blood vessels keeps blood from flowing to the heart, which may cause heart damage. An adolescent can experience a stroke from having a blood flow disruption to the brain. Anabolic steroids elevate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which is the main factor in having a disruption to the bodys blood flow (Hoffman 185). The hepatic system is the liver. The livers main responsibility is detoxifying the human body. At this point in time, living without a liver is impossible.So, if the liver were to have a blood flow disruption, the liver would fail, resulting in potential death. Using anabolic steroids may increase risk of liver tumors and liver damage (Hoffman 184). Internal bleeding may occur from the rupt ure of a liver tumor (Volkow 5). Two of the most alarming consequences of taking anabolic steroids are the change in behavior/mood and how it affects a persons mental status. Anabolic steroid use causes violent, aggressive behavior and excitableness approximately 60% of anabolic steroid users experience this change in behavior (Hoffman 187).Tony Mandarich, once proclaimed to be the sterling(prenominal) offensive lineman prospect ever, said that his steroid use caused his aggression to skyrocket on and off the field. The Incredible tidy sum punched an Ohio State player for no dry land before the football game even started and told him he was going to die today (Kozak). Anabolic steroid use also affected his thinking. Mandarichs past steroid use caused him to say things that he would never say were he not on steroids. Some of the stuff I said, when I look back now, is just embarrassing, says Tony Mandarich (Kozak).Although rarefied aggressiveness may be adept for athletes, that is not the case with your ordinary citizen. With these behavioral changes, an anabolic steroid user is much more likely to fight with other people. This is especially dangerous due to the fact that the steroid user is most likely bigger in size and strength than their opponent. A person may experience a psychotic episode where the steroid user will be in a blind rage, thus change their ability to control their emotions. In this event, an adolescent on anabolic steroids could injure many of his peers at school, possibly even shovel in them.According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), a recent study suggests that the mood and behavioral effects seen during anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse may result from substitute hormonal changes (Volkow 4). This is especially true with Heidi Krieger. In females, masculinity may occur twain physically and mentally with long-term use of anabolic steroids (Volkow 4). With Heidi Krieger, now known as Andreas Krieger, her long-term ana bolic steroid use caused her to become masculine. Not only was she physically changing, the anabolic steroids caused her to believe that she was a man.In an converse with former European womens virgule put champion, she was asked about her past anabolic steroid use and how it caused her to physically and mentally change genders. She said, I felt much more attracted to women and just felt like a man. But I knew I was not lesbian (Cnn. com). One of the many questions researchers ask is why? Many wonder what are the motivational factors in a persons choice to use anabolic steroids. One of the main factors to this question would be appearance (Kusserow 6). Throughout magazines are pictures displaying a person with rock-hard abs and bulging biceps.On television, an adolescent may see a commercial of a man who is extremely big and strong. 57% of adolescents participating in a survey pointed to magazines and 7% pointed to entertainment as sources of influence (Kusserow 8). Nowadays, soci etys comprehension of the prototypical male is being big and strong. Due to pop culture, male adolescents have this newfound belief that they must improve their appearance to match the appearance of the prototypical male (Kusserow 6). Also, in todays society peer approval is a must amongst most high school adolescents.Teenagers see their friends getting jacked by using anabolic steroids so they try and chase those actions since it looks easy. With the correct training regimen, adolescents may acquire their goals in getting big with great success. According to Richard P. Kusserow, 89% of anabolic steroid users reported that they were satisfied with the results they were hoping for when they first started using anabolic steroids (Kusserow 7). Due to the successful use of anabolic steroids, 97% of users agree that the physical effects encouraged them to continue using steroids (Kusserow 7).For example, Tony Mandarich was influenced by his brother to use anabolic steroids so that he could increase size, strength, and athletic performance. His anabolic steroid use allowed him to be able to bench press 225 pounds an marvellous 39 times while being able to maintain a 4. 69 40-yard dash. That is a godly feat for a man that is 6 foot 6 and 315 pounds. When asked about his past anabolic steroid use, Mandarich said,Youre not supposed to be as strong as I am. Youre not supposed to be as prodigal as I am. Youre not supposed to be as good as I am (Kozak).Apparently, without anabolic steroid use, Tony Mandarich would never have become the college football player that he was. Another motive adolescents have for using anabolic steroids is the out of bounds for the improvement of athletic performance (Adolescent Steroid Abuse). Through the use of anabolic steroids, an adolescent can increase muscle mass, strength, and training capacity (Kusserow 7). According to Kusserow, many adolescents first use anabolic steroids at the age of 16 and that 85% of the users started by ag e 17 (Kusserow 5).Much of this thought process has to do with famous role model athletes. Users believe that many high-level athletes have used steroids, and 42 percent say this influenced them to start using (Kusserow 8). An adolescent varsity football player trying to obtain a football scholarship from a prestigious NCAA Division I football whizz-kid may see an NFL football player that they admire, and look up to, using anabolic steroids. The adolescent could potentially try and come after the NFL players actions due to this belief.With football scholarships from prestigious Division I football colleges being limited and competition amongst football players across the United States being extensive, adolescents will do all that they can to grasp their goal. Additionally, adolescents may view the benefits in using anabolic steroids as more positive than negative. If using anabolic steroids can help these adolescents get to a great school such as the University of Southern atomic number 20 or the University of Texas, the side effects of using anabolic steroids could be something they are uncoerced to risk.Another motive that could cause an adolescent in using anabolic steroids in upward(a) athletic performance is the pressure they secure from adults, including their own parents (Kusserow 8). 55% of adolescent anabolic steroid users claim that their parents know about their use of anabolic steroids and that the parents do not care (Kusserow 7). People may give a certain amount of slow to football players because theres this unspoken sense that in order to play the game well, you motivation an edge, says Todd Boyd (Klosterman).If an adolescent can play well enough in sports to generate engross from college scouts, there is a good chance that the adolescent can get an athletic scholarship to help support their parents financially. Nowadays, college tuition is skyrocketing. It costs approximately $22,000 annually to attend the University of New Hampshire f or an in-state student, and roughly $12,000 extra if you are out of state. With the recent economic downturn, many families do not have many financial options. Financial aid can only get you so far and the ability to take out a loan has become increasingly hard in this economy.Assuming an 18 year old adolescent is out of state and going to be attending the University of New Hampshire for four years, the adolescent would be saving $136,000 if he were able to get a full-boat scholarship. This is not even taking into account the annual increase in tuition that occurs after every school year and coin for miscellaneous things. Although an adolescents parents may not be telling them directly to use anabolic steroids, the parents could be indirectly encouraging them to juice up by placing tons of pressure on their kids.Adults, whether it is the parents or the coaches, place immense pressure on their kids to compete and win, while conveying motley messages of what are acceptable ways to a chieve that goal (Kusserow 7). Adolescents may interpret those messages as, Its okay to use steroids as long as you succeed and do not get caught or, Do what must be done to achieve your goal. If this is the usual belief amongst adolescents across the United States, how long will it be before adolescents set about to interpret other topics, such as violence or drug dealing, in the same manner. Works Cited Adolescent Steroid Abuse. Adolescent Steroid Abuse. Case Hesperian Reserve University. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Hoffman, Jay R. , and Nicholas A. Ratamess. Medical Issues Associated with Anabolic Steroid Use Are They misinform? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 01 June 2006. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. Klosterman, Chuck. why We Look the Other Way. ESPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 21 Mar. 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Kozak, Kory. Steroids Fueled Spectacular grow and Fall. ESPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 17 Apr. 2009. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Pleitgen, Frederik. jockstrap Says Spor ts Steroids Changed Him from Woman to man. CNN. com. Cable News Network, 11 Aug. 2008. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and piece Services. Office of Inspector General. Adolescent Steroid Use. Richard P. Kusserow. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991. Print. United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Health. Anabolic Steroid Abuse. Nora D. Volkow. National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2001. National Institute of Drug Abuse investigate Report Series.